Donor livers kept alive outside the body for 24 hours.

Donated livers can survive for at least a day outside the body thanks to a new device which keeps the organ ticking over as if it hadn’t been removed. The machine is likely to more than double the availability of livers for transplant. The device was unveiled today in London by its developer Peter Friend, professor of transplantation surgery at the University of Oxford.


Tonic-clonic seizure.

Tonic-clonic seizure.


Fronto-parietal cortical involvement in generalized tonic-clonic seizures, imaged by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Red represents relative increases in ictal compared to interictal CBF on SPECT scans, and green represents decreases. Despite the clinically generalized convulsions, focal relative signal increases are present in higher-order frontal and parietal association cortex, while many other brain regions are relatively spared. 

Fronto-parietal cortical involvement in generalized tonic-clonic seizures, imaged by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Red represents relative increases in ictal compared to interictal CBF on SPECT scans, and green represents decreases. Despite the clinically generalized convulsions, focal relative signal increases are present in higher-order frontal and parietal association cortex, while many other brain regions are relatively spared. 


a | In generalized tonic–clonic seizures, diffuse high-frequency and high-amplitude spikes are apparent. b | Absence seizures are characterized by diffuse 3–4 Hz spike-and-wave complexes. c | In complex partial seizures, localized abnormal rhythmic activity usually arises in the temporal lobe.

a | In generalized tonic–clonic seizures, diffuse high-frequency and high-amplitude spikes are apparent. b | Absence seizures are characterized by diffuse 3–4 Hz spike-and-wave complexes. c | In complex partial seizures, localized abnormal rhythmic activity usually arises in the temporal lobe.


Figure at right: A generalized tonic clonic seizure. Here the whole brain is affecting from the beginning. In (a) there is a cry and loss of consciousness, arms flex up then extend in (b) and remain rigid (the tonic phase) for a few seconds. A series of jerking movements take place (the clonic phase) as muscles contract and relax together. In (c) the jerking is slowing down and will eventually stop. In (d) the man has been placed on his side to aid breathing and to keep the airway clear.

Figure at right: A generalized tonic clonic seizure. Here the whole brain is affecting from the beginning. In (a) there is a cry and loss of consciousness, arms flex up then extend in (b) and remain rigid (the tonic phase) for a few seconds. A series of jerking movements take place (the clonic phase) as muscles contract and relax together. In (c) the jerking is slowing down and will eventually stop. In (d) the man has been placed on his side to aid breathing and to keep the airway clear.


Generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure.


Grand Mal Seizure (Tonic-Clonic Seizure)

Definition

A grand mal seizure — also known as a tonic-clonic seizure — features a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. It’s the type of seizure most people picture when they think about seizures in general.

Grand mal seizure is caused by abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain. In some cases, this type of seizure is triggered by other health problems, such as extremely low blood sugar or a stroke. However, most of the time grand mal seizure is caused by epilepsy.

Many people who have a grand mal seizure will never have another one. However, some people need daily anti-seizure medications to control grand mal seizure.

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Pneumothrorax.

What is a pneumothorax?

A pneumothorax is a collection of free air in the chest outside the lung that causes the lung to collapse.

Pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses.

A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures involving your lungs or damage from underlying lung disease. Sometimes, pneumothorax occurs for no obvious reason. When the lung collapses, it causes sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.

A small, uncomplicated pneumothorax may quickly heal on its own. When the pneumothorax is larger, doctors usually insert a tube or needle between your ribs to remove the excess air.

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malformalady: Sectoral heterochromia

malformalady:

Sectoral heterochromia

(via zygoma)



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